What part of the TAS for VMs request flow adds latency to your requests? Run the experiments in this topic to find out.

TAS for VMs recommends running the procedures in this article in the order presented.

App requests overview

App requests typically transit the following components. Only the Gorouter and the app are within the scope of VMware Tanzu Application Service for VMs (TAS for VMs).

See the following diagram:

There are four boxes from left to right: Client, Load Balancer, Router, and Backend. A larger box labeled CF encompasses the Router and Backend boxes.

Any of the components in the diagram above can cause latency. Delays can also come from the network itself.

To troubleshoot slow requests and diagnose what might be causing latency to your app requests:

After you determine the cause of latency, see the following sections for more information:

Experiment 1: Measure total round-trip app requests

To measure the total round-trip time for your deployed app that is experiencing latency, run:

time curl -v APP-ENDPOINT

Where APP-ENDPOINT is the URL endpoint for the deployed app.

For example:

$ time curl -v http://app1.app_domain.com

GET /hello HTTP/1.1
Host: app1.app_domain.com
User-Agent: curl/7.43.0
Accept: */*

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json;charset=utf-8
Date: Tue, 14 Dec 2019 00:31:32 GMT
Server: nginx
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Vcap-Request-Id: c30fad28-4972-46eb-7da6-9d07dc79b109
Content-Length: 602
hello world!

real 2m0.707s
user 0m0.005s
sys  0m0.007s

The real time output shows that the request to http://app1.app_domain.com took approximately two minutes, round-trip. This seems like an unreasonably long time, so it makes sense to find out where the delay is occurring.

To narrow down the cause of latency, see the following table for information about the output that you see after running time curl -v APP-ENDPOINT:

Result Explanation Action
The output shows latency. A component of your app request flow is causing a delay. Continue with the rest of the experiments to try to narrow down which component is causing latency.
The output does not show latency. Your app experiences inconsistent delays. Try to find an endpoint that is consistently experiencing latency. If that is not possible, then continue with the following experiments, running each of them multiple times.
The output shows the error: Could not resolve host: NONEXISTENT.com DNS failed to resolve. Troubleshoot your DNS configuration.
The output of curl returns normally, but there is no value for X-Vcap-Request-Id. The request from the load balancer did not reach TAS for VMs. Troubleshoot your load balancer configuration.

Experiment 2: View request time in access logs

In TAS for VMs, delays can occur within Gorouter, within the app, or within the network between the two. If you suspect that you are experiencing latency, the most important logs are the access logs. The cf logs command streams log messages from Gorouter as well as from apps. This section describes how to find and understand the access log timestamps.

To view request time in access logs:

  1. (Optional) Run cf apps to determine the name of the app.

  2. Run:

    cf logs APP-NAME

    Where APP-NAME is the name of the app.

  3. From another command line window, send a request to your app.

  4. After your app returns a response, enter Ctrl-C to stop streaming cf logs.

    For example:

    $ cf logs app1

2019-12-14T00:33:32.35-0800 [RTR/0] OUT app1.app_domain.com - [14/12/2019:00:31:32.348 +0000] "GET /hello HTTP/1.1" 200 0 60 "-" "HTTPClient/1.0 (2.7.1, ruby 2.3.3 (2019-11-21))" "10.0.4.207:20810" "10.0.48.67:61555" x_forwarded_for:"52.3.107.171" x_forwarded_proto:"http" vcap_request_id:"01144146-1e7a-4c77-77ab-49ae3e286fe9" response_time:120.00641734 gorouter_time:0.000217 app_id:"13ee085e-bdf5-4a48-aaaf-e854a8a975df" app_index:"0" x_b3_traceid:"3595985e7c34536a" x_b3_spanid:"3595985e7c34536a" x_b3_parentspanid:"-"
2019-12-14T00:32:32.35-0800 [APP/PROC/WEB/0]OUT app1 received request at [14/12/2019:00:32:32.348 +0000] with "vcap_request_id": "01144146-1e7a-4c77-77ab-49ae3e286fe9"
^C
    In the example above, the first line contains the following timestamps:
    • 14/12/2016:00:31:32.348: Gorouter receives request
    • response_time:120.00641734: Time measured from when Gorouter receives the request to when Gorouter finishes sending the response to the end user
    • gorouter_time:0.000217: Gorouter response time, not including the time that Gorouter spent sending the request to the back end app or the time waiting for the response from the app.

    The response time value shows that it took 120 seconds for Gorouter to send the request to the back end app, receive a response, and send that response to the end user. However, the gorouter_time value shows that the Gorouter took 0.000217 seconds to process the request and send the response back to the end user. This means that the bulk of the time was spent in TAS for VMs either within the app, or the network between the Gorouter and the app.

    If gorouter_time also reported 120 seconds, it would indicate that the time was mostly spent in the Gorouter itself, and relatively little time was spent sending the request to the app.

    To narrow down the cause of latency, see the following table for information about the output that you see after running cf logs APP-NAME:

Result Explanation Action
The output shows latency within gorouter_time. Gorouter Investigate gorouter logs as to why the latency is high. Investigate gorouter capacity metrics + possibly scale up
The output shows latency within response_time but not in gorouter_time. The network between Gorouter and the app, or the app itself, is causing latency. If the requests are uploading data to the app, latency between the client and gorouter may appear here as well If the issue is not related to uploads, jump to experiment 5, and continue with the rest of the experiments to try to narrow down which component is causing latency. Otherwise continue with experiment 3.
The output does not show latency within response_time. A component before Gorouter is causing latency to the request before it reaches Gorouter. Continue with the rest of the experiments to try to narrow down which component is causing latency.
The output does not show a log line. Every incoming request should generate an access log message. If a request does not generate an access log message, it means Gorouter did not receive the request. Troubleshoot your Gorouter configuration.

Experiment 3: Duplicate latency on another endpoint

The next step to debugging latency is finding an endpoint that consistently experiences delays. Use a test app that does not make any internal or external requests or database calls. For example, see dora on GitHub.

If you cannot push any apps to your foundation, find an API endpoint that does not make any external calls to use for the rest of the experiments. For example, use a health or information endpoint.

To duplicate latency on another endpoint:

  1. Push an example app.

  2. Measure a request’s full round-trip time from the client and back as by running:

    time curl -v TEST-APP-ENDPOINT

    Where TEST-APP-ENDPOINT is the URL endpoint for the test app. While every network is different, this request should take less than 0.2 seconds.

See the following table for information about the output that you see after running time curl -v TEST-APP-ENDPOINT:

Result Explanation Action
The output shows latency. One of the components in the app request path is causing latency. Continue with the rest of the experiments, using the test app, to try to narrow down which component is causing latency.
The output does not show latency. Something in your app configuration is causing latency. Evaluate your app for recent changes.

If this experiment shows that something in your app is causing latency, use the following questions to start troubleshooting your app:

  • Did you recently push any changes?
  • Does your app make database calls?
    • If so, have your database queries changed?
  • Does your app make requests to other microservices?
    • If so, is there a problem in a downstream app?
  • Does your app log where it spends time? For more information, see Use App Logs to Locate Delays in TAS for VMs.

Experiment 4: Remove the load balancer from request path

The next step is to remove the load balancer from the test path by sending the request directly to Gorouter. You can do this by accessing the network where Gorouter is deployed, sending the traffic directly to the Gorouter IP address, and adding the route in the host header.

To remove the load balancer from the request path:

  1. Choose a router VM from your deployment and get its IP address. Record this value and use it as the ROUTER-IP when you run the command in a later step.

  2. Run:

    bosh ssh router/ROUTER-GUID

    Where ROUTER-GUID is the unique identifier for the router VM. For more information about using this tool, see Advanced Troubleshooting with the BOSH CLI.

  3. To determine the amount of time a request takes when it skips the load balancer, run:

    time curl ROUTER-IP -H "Host: TEST-APP-ENDPOINT"

    Where:

    • ROUTER-IP is the router VM IP address that you located in the first step.
    • TEST-APP-ENDPOINT is the URL endpoint for the test app.

See the following table for information about the output that you see after removing the load balancer from the app request path:

Result Explanation Action
The output shows latency. The load balancer is not causing latency. Continue with the rest of the experiments, using the test app, to try to narrow down which component is causing latency.
The output does not show latency. A component before Gorouter is causing latency. Look at your load balancer logs and logs for any other components that exist between the end client and Gorouter. Additionally, run these experiments with clients in different networks to help isolate where issues occur.

Experiment 5: Remove Gorouter from request path

The next step is to remove Gorouter from the request path. You can SSH into the router VM and send a request directly to the app.

To remove Gorouter from the app request path:

  1. To retrieve the IP address and port number of the Diego Cell where your test app instance runs, run:

    cf ssh TEST-APP -c "env | grep CF_INSTANCE_ADDR"

    Where TEST-APP is the name of the test app.

    For example:

    $ cf ssh my-app -c "env | grep CF_INSTANCE_ADDR"

  2. Choose any router VM from your deployment and SSH into it by running:

    bosh ssh router/ROUTER-GUID

    Where ROUTER-GUID is the unique identifier for the router VM. For more information about using this tool, see Advanced Troubleshooting with the BOSH CLI.

  3. To determine the amount of time a request takes when it skips Gorouter, run time curl CF_INSTANCE_ADDR.

See the following table for information about the output that you see after removing Gorouter from the app request path:

Result Explanation Action
The output shows latency. Gorouter is not causing latency. Continue with the rest of the experiments, using the test app, to try to narrow down which component is causing latency.
The output does not show latency. Gorouter is causing latency. See Causes for Gorouter Latency and Operations Recommendations.

Experiment 6: Test the network between the router and the app

The next step is to time how long it takes for your request to make it from the router VM to the Diego Cell where your app is deployed. You can do this by using tcpdump on both VMs.

To test the network between the router and the app:

  1. Choose a router VM from your deployment and record its IP address. Use this value as the ROUTER-IP in later steps.
  2. To get the IP address of the Diego Cell where your test app instance is running, run cf ssh TEST-APP -c "env | grep CF_INSTANCE_IP", where TEST-APP is the name of the test app.
  3. To get the port number of the Diego Cell where your test app instance is running, run cf ssh TEST-APP -c "env | grep CF_INSTANCE_PORT", where TEST-APP is the name of the test app.
  4. On the command line, locate the router VM that matches the ROUTER-IP value from the first step.
  5. To SSH into the router VM, run bosh ssh router/ROUTER-GUID, where ROUTER-GUID is the unique identifier for the router VM. For more information about using this tool, see Advanced Troubleshooting with the BOSH CLI.
  6. On the router VM, log in as root.
  7. To capture all packets going to your app, run tcpdump 'dst CF_INSTANCE_IP and dst port CF_INSTANCE_PORT'.
  8. In a second command line window, SSH into the Diego Cell that corresponds with CF_INSTANCE_IP. Run bosh ssh digeo-cell/DIEGO-CELL-GUID, where DIEGO-CELL-GUID is the unique identifier for the Diego Cell where your app is running.
  9. On the Diego Cell, log in as root.
  10. To capture all packets going to your app, run tcpdump 'dst port CF_INSTANCE_PORT and src ROUTER-IP', where ROUTER-IP is the router VM IP address that you recorded in the first step.
  11. In a third command line window, run ssh ROUTER-IP, where ROUTER-IP is the router VM IP address.
  12. To make a request to your app, run curl CF_INSTANCE_IP:CF_INSTANCE_PORT.

  13. Compare the first packet captured on the router VM with the first packet captured on the Diego Cell. The packets should match. Use the timestamps to determine how long it took the packet to traverse the network.

    If you use a test app, this can be the only traffic to your app. If you are not using a test app and there is traffic to your app, then these tcpdump commands can result in many packet captures. If the tcpdump results are too verbose to track, you can write them to a pcap file and use wireshark to find the important packets. To write tcpdump commands to a file, use the -w flag. For example: tcpdump -w router.pcap.

See the following table for information about the output that you see after testing the network between the router and the app:

Result Explanation Action
The output shows latency. Your network is causing latency. Troubleshoot your network configuration.
The output does not show latency. A component in your app request path is causing latency. Repeat the diagnostic experiments to narrow down which component is causing latency. Follow the steps in Experiment 1: Measure Total Round-Trip App Requests and ensure that you are consistently experiencing latency.

Use app logs to locate delays in TAS for VMs

To gain a more detailed picture of where delays exist in your request path, augment the logging that your app generates. For example, call your logging library from the request handler to generate log lines when your app receives a request and finishes processing it:

2019-12-14T00:33:32.35-0800 [RTR/0] OUT app1.app_domain.com - [14/12/2019:00:31:32.348 +0000] "GET /hello HTTP/1.1" 200 0 60 "-" "HTTPClient/1.0 (2.7.1, ruby 2.3.3 (2019-11-21))" "10.0.4.207:20810" "10.0.48.67:61555" x_forwarded_for:"52.3.107.171" x_forwarded_proto:"http" vcap_request_id:"01144146-1e7a-4c77-77ab-49ae3e286fe9" response_time:120.00641734 app_id:"13ee085e-bdf5-4a48-aaaf-e854a8a975df" app_index:"0" x_b3_traceid:"3595985e7c34536a" x_b3_spanid:"3595985e7c34536a" x_b3_parentspanid:"-"
2019-12-14T00:32:32.35-0800 [APP/PROC/WEB/0]OUT app1 received request at [14/12/2019:00:32:32.348 +0000] with "vcap_request_id": "01144146-1e7a-4c77-77ab-49ae3e286fe9"
2019-12-14T00:32:32.50-0800 [APP/PROC/WEB/0]OUT app1 finished processing req at [14/12/2019:00:32:32.500 +0000] with "vcap_request_id": "01144146-1e7a-4c77-77ab-49ae3e286fe9"

By comparing the router access log messages from Experiment 2: View Request Time in Access Logs with the new app logs above, you can construct the following timeline:

  • 14/12/2016:00:31:32.348: Gorouter receives request
  • 2016-12-14T00:32:32.35: App receives request
  • 2016-12-14T00:32:32.50: App finishes processing request
  • 2016-12-14T00:33:32.35: Gorouter finishes processing request

The timeline indicates that Gorouter took close to 60 seconds to send the request to the app and another 60 seconds to receive the response from the app. This suggests either of the following:

Causes for Gorouter latency

Two potential causes for Gorouter latency are:

  • Routers are under heavy load from incoming client requests.

  • Apps are taking a long time to process requests. This increases the number of concurrent threads held open by Gorouter, reducing capacity to handle requests for other apps.

Operations recommendations

  • Monitor CPU load for Gorouters. At high CPU (70%+), latency increases. If the Gorouter CPU reaches this threshold, consider adding another Gorouter instance.

  • Monitor latency of all routers using metrics from the Firehose. Do not monitor the average latency across all routers. Instead, monitor them individually on the same graph.

  • Consider using Pingdom against an app on your TAS for VMs deployment to monitor latency and uptime. For more information, see the Pingdom website.

  • Consider enabling access logs on your load balancer. To enable access logs, see your load balancer documentation. Just as you use Gorouter access log messages above to determine latency from Gorouter, you can compare load balancer logs to identify latency between the load balancer and Gorouter. You can also compare load balancer response times with the client response times to identify latency between client and load balancer.

  • Deploy a nozzle to the Loggregator Firehose to track metrics for Gorouter. For more information, see Deploying a Nozzle to the Loggregator Firehose. Available metrics include:

    • CPU utilization
    • Latency
    • Requests per second
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